C++ From the Ground Up

A pointer is a variable that stores a memory address. Learn how pointers work, pointer arithmetic, and null pointers.

Understand the difference between stack memory (fast, automatic) and heap memory (dynamic allocation), and when to use each.

Visual map of C++ memory segments: text (code), data (globals), heap (dynamic), and stack (locals).

Follow the call stack as main calls a function, a local variable is created, and the stack frame is pushed and popped.

Given code snippets, identify whether the error is a memory leak, dangling pointer, stack overflow, or double-free.

The trade-offs between passing by value, by pointer, and by reference — semantics, performance, and null safety.