The Runtime Theory
hardLeetCode#topological-sort#ordering-constraints

Alien Dictionary

Infer a character order from a sorted list of words, or detect contradictory constraints.

The Runtime Theory Team25 min read
Solve it

Solving happens on the judge — come back and mark it done

Sample cases

inwords=["wrt","wrf","er","ett","rftt"]

out"wertf"

inwords=["z","x"]

out"zx"

inwords=["abc","ab"]

out""

Infer a character order from a sorted list of words, or detect contradictory constraints.

A good solution should

  • State the invariant or decision rule that makes the approach correct.
  • Explain time and space costs in terms of input size and required output.
  • Handle empty, minimal, duplicate, and boundary-shaped inputs.

Reasoning prompt

Only the first differing character in adjacent words creates an edge. A longer word before its own prefix is invalid.

Use the linked judge for the canonical challenge. The examples above are compact TRT checks; create additional tests around the boundary most likely to break your invariant.

More practice in this topic

One dispatch a week

The trace behind each problem, the tradeoff that explains it, and one technical dispatch per week — no noise.

One technical dispatch per week. No noise.

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