This trace follows the actual state transitions behind the companion From Source Files to a Running Program. It describes a common execution path; implementation details can vary, so keep the contract separate from the mechanism.
Step 1: Parse and check source
A build turns source text and dependencies into an executable representation through distinct stages. A compiler typically parses and checks source, translates it to an intermediate or machine representation, and emits object files. A linker resolves references across those objects and libraries to produce a loadable program.
Step 2: Emit object-level symbols
If module A calls a function defined in module B, A’s object file can contain a symbol reference that the linker resolves. At startup, the operating system maps executable segments, prepares process state, and transfers control to runtime startup code before the application entry point.
Step 3: Resolve references at link time
When one object refers to a function in another, the linker resolves the symbol before launch; the loader then maps the executable and prepares process state.
At this point, record the state that changed and check the invariant before advancing. If the operation repeats, make clear which values persist and which are recomputed.
Step 4: Map executable segments
Compilation and linking errors indicate different classes of problems: a syntax or type error occurs before object generation, while an unresolved symbol is often discovered at link time. Dynamic linking can defer library resolution to load or runtime, introducing version and search-path concerns.
Step 5: Run startup and entry code
A function declaration is visible to a source file, but the final build reports that its implementation is missing. Identify the likely build stage and two places to investigate.
The trace is complete when the result satisfies the stated contract. Compare this model with the concrete runtime or system you are studying before making a performance claim.